In light of these findings, we consider how resource stress may constitute an important selection pressure for maintaining extensive cooperation and help to explain the ubiquity of beyond-household sharing. Hypothesis 3 was not supported and, contrary to our predictions, there is suggestive evidence that sharing beyond-relatives may be attenuated when resource stress is high. Hypotheses 1 and 2 are generally supported and are consistent with the theory that extensive beyond-household sharing is adaptive in societies that are subject to more resource stress. Using ethnographic data from a worldwide sample of 98 societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS), we test the following hypotheses: 1) customary sharing of food and labor beyond the household are cultural universals, 2) societies subject to more resource stress (unpredictable food-destroying natural hazards) will share more frequently, and 3) the more frequent the resource stress, the broader the geographic and social scope of sharing customs. Here we explore the cross-cultural context, frequency, and scope of food and labor sharing customs in relation to resource stress. However, the frequency and scope of sharing have never been systematically documented across nonindustrial societies, and the literature is driven by theoretical models, experimental games, and case studies among a few extensively-studied populations. One popular explanation for sharing beyond the family is that it reduces the likelihood of shortages by pooling risk across households. This suggests that ritual practices were more important than the particular content of religious belief to the initial rise of social complexity.įood sharing and (to a lesser extent) labor sharing play central roles in the evolution of cooperation literature.
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By contrast, rituals that facilitate the standardization of religious traditions across large populations25,26 generally precede the appearance of moralizing gods. Moralizing gods are not a prerequisite for the evolution of social complexity, but they may help to sustain and expand complex multi-ethnic empires after they have become established. Contrary to previous predictions9,12,16,18, powerful moralizing ‘big gods’ and prosocial supernatural punishment tend to appear only after the emergence of ‘megasocieties’ with populations of more than around one million people. Our analyses not only confirm the association between moralizing gods and social complexity, but also reveal that moralizing gods follow-rather than precede-large increases in social complexity. To overcome these limitations, here we systematically coded records from 414 societies that span the past 10,000 years from 30 regions around the world, using 51 measures of social complexity and 4 measures of supernatural enforcement of morality. Although previous research has suggested an association between the presence of moralizing gods and social complexit圓,6,7,9–18, the relationship between the two is disputed9–13,19–24, and attempts to establish causality have been hampered by limitations in the availability of detailed global longitudinal data. The ‘moralizing gods’ hypothesis offers a solution to both puzzles by proposing that belief in morally concerned supernatural agents culturally evolved to facilitate cooperation among strangers in large-scale societies9–13. Both are support by the trainer already.The origins of religion and of complex societies represent evolutionary puzzles1–8. At the bottom you can click on the DESKTOP button and you can easily press options on the trainer with your hand controller now.Īs of now the oculus has no unique input device and uses keyboard or xbox controller. Put your HTC Vive on and when you are ingame press the MENU button on the hand controllers to open the steam overlay.
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Activate the trainer as usual with your keyboard. Trainer options will now be drawn as buttons. You can also mute specific hotkeys by changing the hotkey you want to mute to 'NONE'. You can use CTRL-H to re-activate the Hotkeys as well. To temporarily disable the Hotkeys, press CTRL-H after trainer is activated.